Week 1: Basics of Computers and Programming

What is a Computer?

• A machine that processes data, performs calculations, and executes instructions.
• Key Components:
  • CPU (Central Processing Unit): The brain, performing calculations and executing instructions.
  • Memory (RAM): Short-term storage for active processes.
  • Storage Devices: Long-term data storage (e.g., hard drives, SSDs).
  • Input/Output Devices: Tools like keyboards, monitors to interact with the computer.

How Computers Work:

• Input (data entered) → Processing (CPU performs tasks) → Output (results shown on display).
• Binary Language: Computers use binary (0s and 1s) for all data processing.
• Peripherals: Devices connected to the computer to extend functionality, such as printers or external drives.

Programming Overview:

• Programming: Instructing the computer using a programming language like C.
• C Language:

  • Procedural: Code is written in functions/procedures.

  • Portable: C programs can run on multiple platforms.

  • Example of a basic program:

    #include <stdio.h>
    int main() {
        printf("Hello, World!\\n");
        return 0;
    }
    
    

Week 2: Data Representation in Computers

Number Systems:

• Binary (Base 2): Used by computers (0 and 1).
• Octal (Base 8): Uses digits 0-7.
• Decimal (Base 10): Our everyday system, digits 0-9.
• Hexadecimal (Base 16): Uses digits 0-9 and letters A-F.

Conversions:

• Convert between systems using division and remainders.
  • Example: Decimal 13 → Binary: Divide by 2, remainders give 1101.